How do I build a campfire safely?

Building a campfire safely requires three things: choosing the right site, managing the fire's size, and ensuring it is completely extinguished.

1. Choose or Create a Safe Site

• Use existing rings: If a campsite has a metal fire ring or a stone fireplace, use it. These are designed to contain the fire and prevent it from spreading.
• If there is no ring: Only build a fire if it is legal and you can do so safely. Choose a spot at least 15 feet away from tent walls, shrubs, trees, or other flammable objects. Clear a 10-foot diameter circle down to the dirt, removing dry grass, leaves, and needles.
• Avoid overhead hazards: Never build a fire under low-hanging branches or dense brush.

2. Gather the Right Materials

You need three types of fuel, and they should be dry:

• Tinder: Tiny twigs, dry needles, or wood shavings that catch fire easily.
• Kindling: Small sticks, about the width of a pencil, that catch from the tinder.
• Fuel Wood: Larger logs that keep the fire going. Important: Only use downed wood found on the ground; never cut standing trees, even if they look dead, as they are often homes for wildlife.

3. Keep the Fire Small

A common mistake is building a massive bonfire. A campfire for cooking or warmth should be kept small and manageable. A small fire is easier to control, uses less wood, and is much faster to put out if an emergency arises or when you're done.

4. Safety While Burning

• Never leave it unattended: Not even for a minute. If you leave the campsite, the fire must be cold.
• Supervise: Keep children and pets at a safe distance.
• Keep water nearby: Always have a bucket of water and a shovel ready to go before you light your first match.

5. Extinguishing (The "Cold Out" Rule)

This is the most critical step. Do not just let the fire burn down to ash and walk away.

1. Drown it: Pour plenty of water on the fire. Drown all the embers, not just the red ones. Pour until the hissing sound stops.
2. Stir it: Use your shovel to stir the ashes and embers. Make sure everything is wet and that all hidden embers are turned over.
3. Drown it again: Pour more water over the mixture.
4. The Feel Test: Touch the ashes, charred wood, and embers with the back of your hand. If it is too hot to touch, it is too hot to leave. If it feels cool, you are safe to pack up.

Pro-Tip: Check for "burn bans" or fire restrictions before you arrive at your destination. If the area is dry or windy, there may be a ban in effect, meaning no fires are allowed—even in fire rings. Always check the official website of the park or forest service where you are staying.